Terms
数据链路层术语 (Data Link Layer Terminology)
1. 帧 (Frame)
定义 (Definition) : 数据链路层的协议数据单元（PDU），用于封装上层数据，并添加必要的控制信息以在网络上传输。The Protocol Data Unit (PDU) of the Data Link Layer, used to encapsulate upper-layer data and add necessary control information for transmission across the network.
2. MAC 地址 (MAC Address)
定义 (Definition) : 媒体访问控制地址，是网络设备的唯一标识符，通常硬编码在设备的网络接口卡（NIC）中，用于在同一局域网中的设备之间进行通信。The Media Access Control address, a unique identifier assigned to network devices, typically hardcoded into the device's Network Interface Card (NIC), used for communication between devices within the same Local Area Network (LAN).
3. 逻辑链路控制 (LLC, Logical Link Control)
定义 (Definition) : 数据链路层的子层，负责多路访问、帧同步、流量控制和错误检测。A sublayer of the Data Link Layer responsible for multiplexing, frame synchronization, flow control, and error detection.
定义 (Definition) : 数据链路层的子层，负责控制设备如何访问物理传输介质，并处理 MAC 地址的管理和数据帧的转发。A sublayer of the Data Link Layer that controls how devices access the physical transmission medium and manages MAC address handling and frame forwarding.
5. 帧校验序列 (FCS, Frame Check Sequence)
定义 (Definition) : 用于错误检测的冗余信息，通常基于循环冗余校验（CRC）算法计算，用于验证数据帧是否在传输过程中损坏。Redundant information used for error detection, typically calculated using the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) algorithm, to verify if a data frame has been corrupted during transmission.
6. 循环冗余校验 (CRC, Cyclic Redundancy Check)
定义 (Definition) : 一种常见的错误检测方法，用于检测数据传输过程中是否出现了数据错误。A common error-detection method used to identify data errors during transmission.
7. 流量控制 (Flow Control)
定义 (Definition) : 用于防止网络拥塞的机制，确保发送方不会超过接收方的处理能力发送数据。A mechanism to prevent network congestion, ensuring that the sender does not exceed the receiver's processing capacity when sending data.
8. 交换机 (Switch)
定义 (Definition) : 工作在数据链路层的网络设备，通过读取每个帧的目标 MAC 地址，将帧转发到正确的端口，从而分隔碰撞域和管理网络流量。A network device operating at the Data Link Layer that reads the destination MAC address of each frame and forwards it to the correct port, thus segmenting collision domains and managing network traffic.
9. 桥接器 (Bridge)
定义 (Definition) : 连接两个或多个网络段的设备，基于 MAC 地址表转发或过滤数据帧，用于减少网络中的不必要流量。A device that connects two or more network segments, forwarding or filtering data frames based on the MAC address table to reduce unnecessary traffic within the network.
10. 载波监听多路访问/碰撞检测 (CSMA/CD, Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection)
定义 (Definition) : 一种用于以太网的介质访问控制方法，设备在发送数据前监听信道是否空闲，并在检测到碰撞后重新发送数据。A media access control method used in Ethernet, where devices listen to the channel before sending data and retransmit if a collision is detected.
11. 载波监听多路访问/碰撞避免 (CSMA/CA, Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance)
定义 (Definition) : 一种用于无线网络的介质访问控制方法，通过在发送数据前发出信号来避免碰撞。A media access control method used in wireless networks that avoids collisions by signaling before sending data.
12. 碰撞域 (Collision Domain)
定义 (Definition) : 一个网络段，在该段中多个设备共享同一传输介质，可能导致数据帧碰撞。A network segment where multiple devices share the same transmission medium, potentially leading to data frame collisions.
13. 广播域 (Broadcast Domain)
定义 (Definition) : 一个网络段，网络中所有设备都会接收到来自任意设备发送的广播消息。广播域通常由交换机或路由器管理和分隔。A network segment where all devices receive broadcast messages sent by any device within the segment. Broadcast domains are typically managed and segmented by switches or routers.
14. 虚拟局域网 (VLAN, Virtual LAN)
定义 (Definition) : 在交换机上配置的逻辑网络分段，用于将物理网络分割成多个虚拟网络，从而实现网络的隔离和管理。A logical network segment configured on a switch, used to divide a physical network into multiple virtual networks, providing network isolation and management.
15. 地址解析协议 (ARP, Address Resolution Protocol)
定义 (Definition) : 用于将 IP 地址解析为 MAC 地址的协议，工作在数据链路层和网络层之间。A protocol used to resolve IP addresses into MAC addresses, operating between the Data Link Layer and the Network Layer.
16. 以太网 (Ethernet)
定义 (Definition) : 一种广泛使用的数据链路层技术，定义了多种标准，包括帧格式、介质访问控制方法等。A widely used Data Link Layer technology that defines various standards, including frame formats and media access control methods.
17. 帧中继 (Frame Relay)
定义 (Definition) : 一种面向连接的数据链路层技术，常用于广域网 (WAN) 环境，提供高效的数据传输服务。A connection-oriented Data Link Layer technology commonly used in Wide Area Networks (WANs) to provide efficient data transmission services.
18. 点对点协议 (PPP, Point-to-Point Protocol)
定义 (Definition) : 一种用于直接连接两个节点的链路层协议，支持多种网络层协议（如 IP）。A Data Link Layer protocol used for direct connection between two nodes, supporting multiple Network Layer protocols (such as IP).
19. 高级数据链路控制 (HDLC, High-Level Data Link Control)
定义 (Definition) : 一种面向比特的同步数据链路层协议，常用于点对点和多点通信。A bit-oriented synchronous Data Link Layer protocol commonly used in point-to-point and multipoint communications.
20. 最大传输单元 (MTU, Maximum Transmission Unit)
定义 (Definition) : 数据链路层允许传输的最大帧大小，超过 MTU 的数据包通常需要被分片。The maximum frame size allowed for transmission at the Data Link Layer. Packets exceeding the MTU typically need to be fragmented.
网络层术语表 (Network Layer Terminology)
1. IP 地址 (IP Address)
定义 (Definition) : Internet Protocol 地址，用于标识网络中设备的逻辑地址，帮助数据包在网络之间进行路由。Internet Protocol address, used to identify the logical address of devices within a network, assisting in routing packets between networks.
2. 路由 (Routing)
定义 (Definition) : 网络层的主要功能之一，负责决定数据包从源到目的地的最佳路径。One of the primary functions of the Network Layer, responsible for determining the best path for data packets to travel from source to destination.
3. 数据包 (Packet)
定义 (Definition) : 网络层的数据单位，包括报头和有效载荷，用于跨网络传输数据。The data unit at the Network Layer, consisting of a header and payload, used for transmitting data across networks.
4. 子网掩码 (Subnet Mask)
定义 (Definition) : 用于划分IP地址中的网络部分和主机部分，帮助定义子网范围。Used to divide the network portion and host portion of an IP address, helping to define the range of a subnet.
5. 默认网关 (Default Gateway)
定义 (Definition) : 网络中的路由器或设备，充当网络段之间的转发器，允许数据包离开本地网络。A router or device in a network that acts as a forwarding agent between network segments, allowing packets to leave the local network.
6. 网络地址转换 (NAT, Network Address Translation)
定义 (Definition) : 一种将私有IP地址转换为公共IP地址的技术，允许多个设备通过单一公共IP地址访问互联网。A technique that converts private IP addresses into public IP addresses, allowing multiple devices to access the internet through a single public IP address.
7. 动态主机配置协议 (DHCP, Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
定义 (Definition) : 自动为网络设备分配IP地址、子网掩码、网关和其他网络配置的协议。A protocol that automatically assigns IP addresses, subnet masks, gateways, and other network configurations to network devices.
8. 无类别域间路由 (CIDR, Classless Inter-Domain Routing)
定义 (Definition) : 一种IP地址分配方法，允许更灵活的子网划分，取代了传统的类A、B、C子网划分方式。An IP address allocation method that allows for more flexible subnetting, replacing the traditional Class A, B, and C subnetting.
9. 路由协议 (Routing Protocol)
定义 (Definition) : 定义网络设备如何互相交流路由信息并决定路由路径的协议。Protocols that define how network devices communicate routing information and determine routing paths.
10. 路由表 (Routing Table)
定义 (Definition) : 网络设备维护的表格，列出了不同网络的路径信息，用于数据包的转发决策。A table maintained by network devices that lists path information for different networks, used for making packet forwarding decisions.
11. 网络分段 (Network Segmentation)
定义 (Definition) : 将一个大网络划分为多个较小的子网，以减少流量冲突并提高网络性能。The process of dividing a large network into smaller subnets to reduce traffic collisions and improve network performance.
12. 广播地址 (Broadcast Address)
定义 (Definition) : 用于将数据包发送给同一网络中所有设备的地址。An address used to send data packets to all devices within the same network.
13. ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)
定义 (Definition) : 一种用于网络设备之间传递控制消息的协议，常用于错误报告和网络诊断工具（如ping）。A protocol used for sending control messages between network devices, commonly used for error reporting and network diagnostic tools like ping.
14. ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
定义 (Definition) : 将IP地址转换为MAC地址的协议，确保数据包能够正确传输到目标设备。A protocol that converts IP addresses to MAC addresses, ensuring that packets are correctly delivered to the destination device.
15. 路由环路 (Routing Loop)
定义 (Definition) : 一种网络故障，数据包在多个路由器之间无限循环，无法到达目的地。A network failure where packets continuously loop between multiple routers without reaching the destination.
传输层术语表 (Transport Layer Terminology)
1. 传输层 (Transport Layer)
定义 (Definition) : OSI 模型的第四层，负责端到端的通信管理，包括数据的分段、传输控制、错误检测和流量控制。The fourth layer of the OSI model, responsible for end-to-end communication management, including data segmentation, transmission control, error detection, and flow control.
2. 传输控制协议 (TCP, Transmission Control Protocol)
定义 (Definition) : 一种面向连接的传输层协议，提供可靠的数据传输服务，通过三次握手建立连接，确保数据包按序到达。A connection-oriented Transport Layer protocol that provides reliable data transmission services, establishing a connection through a three-way handshake and ensuring that packets arrive in order.
3. 用户数据报协议 (UDP, User Datagram Protocol)
定义 (Definition) : 一种无连接的传输层协议，不提供可靠性保障，适用于需要快速传输但不要求准确性的应用。A connectionless Transport Layer protocol that does not guarantee reliability, suitable for applications requiring fast transmission but not necessarily accuracy.
4. 端口号 (Port Number)
定义 (Definition) : 用于标识传输层中应用程序的逻辑端点，每个端口号对应一个特定的应用程序或服务。A logical endpoint identifier used in the Transport Layer to distinguish between different applications or services, with each port number corresponding to a specific application or service.
5. 三次握手 (Three-Way Handshake)
定义 (Definition) : TCP 连接建立过程中使用的三步握手过程，确保连接的可靠性和同步性。A three-step process used in establishing a TCP connection, ensuring reliability and synchronization between the communicating devices.
6. 流量控制 (Flow Control)
定义 (Definition) : 传输层使用的一种机制，防止发送方超过接收方的处理能力，确保数据以适当的速率传输。A mechanism used by the Transport Layer to prevent the sender from overwhelming the receiver's processing capacity, ensuring that data is transmitted at an appropriate rate.
7. 拥塞控制 (Congestion Control)
定义 (Definition) : 用于防止网络拥塞的一种机制，通过调节数据传输速率来避免网络性能下降。A mechanism used to prevent network congestion by regulating the data transmission rate to avoid a decrease in network performance.
8. 确认 (ACK, Acknowledgment)
定义 (Definition) : 接收方发送给发送方的信号，用于确认已成功接收到数据包。A signal sent by the receiver to the sender, acknowledging the successful receipt of data packets.
9. 窗口大小 (Window Size)
定义 (Definition) : TCP 协议中用于流量控制的参数，定义了在不接收确认的情况下，发送方可以发送的最大数据量。A parameter used in TCP for flow control, defining the maximum amount of data the sender can transmit without receiving an acknowledgment.
10. 序列号 (Sequence Number)
定义 (Definition) : TCP 数据包头中的一个字段，用于标识数据段的顺序，确保数据能够按序接收和重组。A field in the TCP header used to identify the sequence of data segments, ensuring that the data can be received and reassembled in order.
11. 数据报 (Datagram)
定义 (Definition) : UDP 使用的基本数据单元，包含传输的数据和头部信息，但不保证数据的可靠传输。The basic data unit used by UDP, containing the transmitted data and header information, but without guaranteeing reliable transmission.
12. 连接终止 (Connection Termination)
定义 (Definition) : TCP 连接关闭时的过程，通常通过四次握手完成，确保双方正常终止连接。The process of closing a TCP connection, typically completed through a four-way handshake to ensure both sides properly terminate the connection.
13. 拥塞避免算法 (Congestion Avoidance Algorithm)
定义 (Definition) : 一种用于动态调整发送数据速率的算法，以避免网络过载和拥塞。An algorithm used to dynamically adjust the data transmission rate to avoid network overload and congestion.
14. 碎片 (Fragmentation)
定义 (Definition) : 当数据包大小超过网络最大传输单元（MTU）时，传输层将其分成更小的片段进行传输。The process of dividing a data packet into smaller fragments for transmission when its size exceeds the network's Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU).
15. 拥塞窗口 (Congestion Window)
定义 (Definition) : TCP 的一个动态参数，用于控制在网络拥塞时，发送方允许发送的最大数据量。A dynamic parameter in TCP used to control the maximum amount of data the sender is allowed to send during network congestion.
应用层术语表 (Application Layer Terminology)
1. 应用层 (Application Layer)
定义 (Definition) : OSI 模型的第七层，直接为用户提供网络服务，处理应用程序的网络请求，并充当用户与网络之间的接口。The seventh layer of the OSI model, directly providing network services to users, handling network requests from applications, and serving as the interface between users and the network.
2. 超文本传输协议 (HTTP, Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
定义 (Definition) : 用于在万维网上传输超文本数据的应用层协议，负责请求和响应之间的通信。An Application Layer protocol used for transmitting hypertext data over the World Wide Web, responsible for communication between requests and responses.
3. 文件传输协议 (FTP, File Transfer Protocol)
定义 (Definition) : 一种用于在客户端和服务器之间传输文件的标准网络协议，支持文件上传和下载。A standard network protocol used for transferring files between a client and a server, supporting file uploads and downloads.
4. 简单邮件传输协议 (SMTP, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
定义 (Definition) : 一种用于电子邮件传输的协议，负责在邮件服务器之间传输电子邮件。A protocol used for email transmission, responsible for transferring emails between mail servers.
5. 域名系统 (DNS, Domain Name System)
定义 (Definition) : 将域名转换为IP地址的系统，帮助浏览器等客户端找到网络资源的位置。A system that translates domain names into IP addresses, helping clients like web browsers locate resources on the network.
6. 远程桌面协议 (RDP, Remote Desktop Protocol)
定义 (Definition) : 一种用于远程访问和控制另一台计算机的协议，广泛用于远程技术支持和远程工作。A protocol used for remote access and control of another computer, widely used for remote technical support and telecommuting.
7. 传输层安全协议 (TLS, Transport Layer Security)
定义 (Definition) : 用于在网络通信中提供安全性的协议，确保数据传输的机密性和完整性。A protocol used to provide security in network communications, ensuring the confidentiality and integrity of data transmission.
8. 简单网络管理协议 (SNMP, Simple Network Management Protocol)
定义 (Definition) : 用于管理和监控网络设备的协议，允许管理员查看和修改设备的状态。A protocol used for managing and monitoring network devices, allowing administrators to view and modify the status of devices.
9. 会话初始协议 (SIP, Session Initiation Protocol)
定义 (Definition) : 用于建立、修改和终止多媒体会话的应用层协议，常用于VoIP和视频会议。An Application Layer protocol used for establishing, modifying, and terminating multimedia sessions, commonly used in VoIP and video conferencing.
10. 超文本传输协议安全版 (HTTPS, Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure)
定义 (Definition) : HTTP的加密版本，通过TLS或SSL协议为网络通信提供加密保护，确保数据的安全传输。The encrypted version of HTTP, providing encrypted protection for network communication through the TLS or SSL protocol, ensuring secure data transmission.
11. 动态主机配置协议 (DHCP, Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
定义 (Definition) : 用于动态分配IP地址和网络配置信息给网络设备的协议，简化网络管理。A protocol used for dynamically assigning IP addresses and network configuration information to network devices, simplifying network management.
12. 文件传输协议安全版 (FTPS, File Transfer Protocol Secure)
定义 (Definition) : 文件传输协议 (FTP) 的安全扩展版，通过TLS或SSL协议为文件传输提供加密和安全性。A secure extension of the File Transfer Protocol (FTP), providing encryption and security for file transfers through the TLS or SSL protocol.
13. 网络时间协议 (NTP, Network Time Protocol)
定义 (Definition) : 用于同步计算机系统时间的协议，确保网络中所有设备的时间一致性。A protocol used to synchronize the time of computer systems, ensuring time consistency across all devices in a network.
14. 网络文件系统 (NFS, Network File System)
定义 (Definition) : 允许用户通过网络访问和共享文件的分布式文件系统协议。A distributed file system protocol that allows users to access and share files over a network.
15. 简单对象访问协议 (SOAP, Simple Object Access Protocol)
定义 (Definition) : 用于在分布式网络环境中交换结构化信息的协议，通常用于Web服务通信。A protocol used for exchanging structured information in a distributed network environment, commonly used in web services communication.